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<channel><title><![CDATA[The Urban Resource Center of Burkina Faso (URCBF-CRUBF) - Blogging Africa]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa]]></link><description><![CDATA[Blogging Africa]]></description><pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2025 23:17:44 -0700</pubDate><generator>Weebly</generator><item><title><![CDATA[Learning & Teaching anthropology]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/learning-teaching-anthropology]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/learning-teaching-anthropology#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Mon, 06 Sep 2010 18:24:15 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/learning-teaching-anthropology</guid><description><![CDATA[L'anthropologie peut-elle se d&eacute;faire de ses terminologies ethnocentriques pour &ecirc;tre au service de l'humanit&eacute; tout simplement ou doit-elle toujours persister &agrave; utiliser des expressions comme "peuples primitifs, sauvages, barbares, semi-barbares ou civilis&eacute;s" tout en se vantant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre objective ?En effet, l&rsquo;anthropologie socioculturelle/culturelle/sociale a ses racines dans l&rsquo;expansion de la civilisation occidentale aux ambitions imp&eacute [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div  class="paragraph editable-text" style=" text-align: left; "><LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><SPAN>L'anthropologie peut-elle se d&eacute;faire de ses terminologies ethnocentriques pour &ecirc;tre au service de l'humanit&eacute; tout simplement ou doit-elle toujours persister &agrave; utiliser des expressions comme "peuples primitifs, sauvages, barbares, semi-barbares ou civilis&eacute;s" tout en se vantant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre objective ?</SPAN><BR><SPAN>En effet, l&rsquo;anthropologie socioculturelle/culturelle/sociale a ses racines dans l&rsquo;expansion de la civilisation occidentale aux ambitions imp&eacute;rialistes et colonialistes. Elle a m&ecirc;me &eacute;t&eacute; au service des puissances colonisatrices en collectant des informations sur l&rsquo;histoire des peuples dits autochtones, non seulement pour mieux les dominer et les &laquo;&nbsp;civiliser&nbsp;&raquo; mais surtout pour s&rsquo;enorgueillir des progr&egrave;s de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; occidentale plac&eacute;e au sommet de la civilisation humaine. C'est alors que la sociologie fut consacr</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;e </SPAN><SPAN>&agrave;</SPAN><SPAN> l'</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;</SPAN><SPAN>tude du monde civilis</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;</SPAN><SPAN> et l'anthropologie au monde des "primitifs et barbares"! Dans ses travaux sur les Nuer au Soudan et en Cyr&eacute;na&iuml;que en Afrique du Nord, E.E. Evans- Pritchard n&rsquo;a-t-il&nbsp; pas collabor&eacute; avec l&rsquo;administration coloniale britannique&nbsp;? Pendant la deuxi&egrave;me guerre mondiale, Evans-Pritchard n&rsquo;a-t-il pas particip</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;</SPAN><SPAN> au recrutement des troupes irr&eacute;guli&egrave;res parmi les Anouak pour attaquer les Italiens&nbsp;? Bien avant Evans-Pritchard, Malinowski le p&egrave;re fondateur du fonctionnalisme et de l&rsquo;observation participante en ethnographie <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>utilisait des termes comme sauvages, primitifs pour d&eacute;crire la vie des trobriandais du Pacifique. C&rsquo;est dire que les premiers anthropologues ne sauraient parler d&rsquo;objectivit&eacute; dans leurs portraits des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s non-occidentales. La simple utilisation des termes &laquo;&nbsp;primitifs, sauvages et barbares&nbsp;&raquo; indiquaient d&eacute;j&agrave; si besoin en &eacute;tait, qu&rsquo;ils avaient pris une certaine posture id&eacute;ologique dans leurs repr&eacute;sentations des peuples non-occidentaux. <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>Tel &eacute;tait le cas du langage utilis&eacute; par les anthropologues nord am&eacute;ricains tel que Lewis Henry Morgan dans sa description des peuples indiens et l&rsquo;&eacute;volution des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s humaines&nbsp;: sauvages, barbares et civilis&eacute;s. <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>Ce fut alors la domination de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;volutionniste lin&eacute;aire dans la recherche anthropologique nord-am&eacute;ricaine jusqu'&agrave; l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de Franz Boas <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>consid&eacute;r&eacute; aujourd&rsquo;hui comme le p&egrave;re fondateur de l&rsquo;anthropologie am&eacute;ricaine ou disons de l&rsquo;anthropologie moderne am&eacute;ricaine. Form</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;</SPAN><SPAN> comme physicien et g&eacute;ographe, Boas encouragea une approche critique et equilibr&nbsp;dans la recherche anthropologique. Pour Boas, l&rsquo;anthropologue doit aller </SPAN><SPAN>&agrave;</SPAN><SPAN> la recherche des faits sociaux de mani&egrave;re holistique, c'est-&agrave;-dire en explorant toutes les dimensions de la vie sociale sous l&rsquo;angle linguistique, culturel, arch&eacute;ologique et biologique/physique. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence des quatre branches dans l&rsquo;anthropologie am&eacute;ricaine. C&rsquo;est aussi Boas qui encouragea <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de chaque soci&eacute;t&eacute; humaine selon ses sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s ou particularit&eacute;s culturelles, et l&rsquo;abandon des termes pr&eacute;con&ccedil;us et des jugements de valeur comme sauvages, primitifs, barbares, etc. il d&eacute;veloppa alors le principe de relativisme culturel/particularisme historique dans l&rsquo;approche ethnographique. L&rsquo;ethnocentrisme ne saurait &ecirc;tre le principe fondateur ou la pi&egrave;ce maitresse de l&rsquo;anthropologie. Chaque soci&eacute;t&eacute; a ses propres valeurs, ses croyances, en un mot sa culture. Selon Boas, des notions comme 'race' sont des construits culturels. Il est donc clair que Boas r&eacute;volutionnait l&rsquo;approche anthropologique qui s&rsquo;&eacute;tait pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment lanc&eacute;e </SPAN><SPAN>&agrave;</SPAN><SPAN> fonds dans la sp&eacute;culation,&nbsp;l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des jugements de valeur plut&ocirc;t qu&rsquo;a la recherche et </SPAN><SPAN>&agrave;</SPAN><SPAN> la compr&eacute;hension de ce qui fait de nous tous des humains. </SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Depuis lors l&rsquo;anthropologie connait petit &agrave; petit une certaine am&eacute;lioration de son image et n&rsquo;est plus l&rsquo;apanage de &laquo;&nbsp; l&rsquo;homme&nbsp;&raquo; occidental. Ce qui sans doute cr&eacute;a des tensions et continue de faire couler beaucoup d&rsquo;encre. <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>Certains anthropologues souhaiteraient continuer dans la sp&eacute;culation, l&rsquo;utilisation des termes comme les peuples primitifs, sauvages et barbares. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; la persistance dans les styles d&rsquo;enseignement anthropologique en parlant des peuples <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>&laquo;&nbsp;exotiques&nbsp;&raquo;. Le discours du politiquement correct comme les &laquo;&nbsp;soci&eacute;t&eacute;s simples&nbsp;&raquo; pour parler en r&eacute;alit&eacute; des &laquo;&nbsp;primitifs, barbares&nbsp;&raquo; qui sont toujours en Afrique et les for&ecirc;ts amazoniennes. Mais le primitif, de qui s&rsquo;agit-il&nbsp;? Est-ce la projection en l&rsquo;autre de ses propres peurs et fantasmes&nbsp;? L&rsquo;utilisation des recherches anthropologiques dans les classes et universit&eacute;s pour parler des primitifs au pr&eacute;sent <SPAN>&nbsp;</SPAN>donne toujours l&rsquo;impression (et c&rsquo;est ce qui est d&rsquo;ailleurs souvent recherch&eacute;) que le premitif est &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute;. Mais de toute fa&ccedil;on parler du &laquo;&nbsp;primitif&nbsp;&raquo; au pr&eacute;sent ou au pass</SPAN><SPAN>&eacute;</SPAN><SPAN> ne saurait justifier la validit&eacute; de l&rsquo;anthropologie comme science objective car l&rsquo;on ne saurait parler d&rsquo;objectivit&eacute; dans les sciences de celui/celle qui traite l&rsquo;autre de primitif avant m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;avoir connu. Et si le primitif n&rsquo;a jamais exist&eacute; ou n&rsquo;existe plus, il fallait et il faut l&rsquo;inventer. Alors, certains anthropologues persistent </SPAN><SPAN>&agrave;</SPAN><SPAN> vouloir bien maintenir le mythe&nbsp;: d&rsquo;o&ugrave; la production et la diss&eacute;mination des films ou documentaires essentialisant les peuples amazoniens ou les&nbsp;!Kung en Afrique australe. C&rsquo;est le primitivisme anthropologique, n&rsquo;est-ce pas&nbsp;?</SPAN> <LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><LINK href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><SPAN>Aujourd'hui, les anthropologues partisans du primitivisme ont du mal &agrave; se d&eacute;partir de leur passion anthropologique fond&eacute;e sur la promotion du primitivisme.</SPAN><BR><BR><BR><BR></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Reflections on the rise of the organizational bourgeoisie in Africa by Michel Tinguiri]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/reflections-on-the-rise-of-the-organizational-bourgeoisie-in-africa-by-michel-tinguiri]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/reflections-on-the-rise-of-the-organizational-bourgeoisie-in-africa-by-michel-tinguiri#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Sat, 19 Jun 2010 18:39:03 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[reflections on african politics]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/reflections-on-the-rise-of-the-organizational-bourgeoisie-in-africa-by-michel-tinguiri</guid><description><![CDATA[ In &ldquo;The consolidation of Power: The Rise of the Organizational Bourgeoisie&rdquo;, Markovitz (1977) discusses the rise of the African organizational bourgeoisie, its roots, characteristics and modes of operations and reproduction, and especially how it succeeded in consolidating its economic and political power. He holds that to understand the power of the African organizational bourgeoisie, it is crucial to interrogate its relationships not only with the means of production but especiall [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div  class="paragraph" style=" text-align: left; "><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMama%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In &ldquo;The consolidation of Power: The Rise of the Organizational Bourgeoisie&rdquo;, Markovitz (1977) discusses the rise of the African organizational bourgeoisie, its roots, characteristics and modes of operations and reproduction, and especially how it succeeded in consolidating its economic and political power. He holds that to understand the power of the African organizational bourgeoisie, it is crucial to interrogate its relationships not only with the means of production but especially its relationships with the state apparatuses, which it inherited from its former colonial masters and used to conquer political power. Also, Markovitz believes that the composition of the African organizational bourgeoisie is central to understanding its role and place in African politics and economic development. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">History reveals that the African organizational bourgeoisie has its roots in the colonial administration. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the emergence of the African petty bourgeoisie mostly working for the colonial administration. Among the petty bourgeoisie, children&rsquo;s education was gaining ground, notably among the Creoles in Sierra Leone. For the first time in the Gold Coast, James Bannerman (the son of a Scottish father and African mother) was appointed as Justice of the Peace in 1820 and he later became lieutenant Governor. In 1864, there were already six to seven Gold Coasters practicing lawyers who used their educational capital to accumulate material wealth and these lawyers later on took the lead in the nationalist movement (Markovitz 1977: 216). School was not only the locus for the acquisition of knowledge, but also a place for networking among early African elites, notably among graduates from William Ponty of Senegal, Freetown (Cape Coast), and Lagos. They developed close ties, and used their newspapers for information exchange. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">However, there were also other groups, notably the coastal merchants who were in favor of colonization<span style="">&nbsp; </span>because it allowed them to expand their business and power. Felix Ebou&eacute;, the most famous French colonial governor was very proud of being French and loyal to France. He never encouraged rebellion against the French authority. In Senegal, the <em style="">originaires</em> guarded jealously their privilege in the electoral process and they managed to include only their friends in the election while preserving their role of mediators between the French and Creole elites and the African masses. In central Africa, Ndebele rich cattle owners purchased large areas of ranch land. Some &ldquo;progressive farmers&rdquo; developed market-gardening businesses near the cities. They also occupied successful positions in semi-political, semi-legal associations. All these signs indicated the making of the organizational bourgeoisie in Africa.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In his examination of class struggle in Africa, Cabrel saw three distinguished petty bourgeoisies in the making: (a) Petty bourgeoisie compromised with colonialism; (b) Nationalist and revolutionary petty bourgeoisie and; (c) The undecided petty bourgeoisie.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>But he believed it was only the revolutionary petty bourgeoisie that could inherit the colonial power structures in order to rule; not peasant/working class because it does not know how to read nor write. Literacy, and therefore education became key to accessing power. But, Julius Nyerere warned against the dangers inherent to such thinking (Markovitz 1977: 202-3) because this could lead to corruption and embezzlement of funds and lands at the expense of the masses.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Through these instances, Markovitz highlighted the historical conditions and ideologies that shaped the African elites/organizational bourgeoisie and its coming to power with independence.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Postcolonial disillusionment was characterized by the consolidation of power of the African organizational bourgeoisie. Unable or unwilling to make clean sweep with its colonial roots, the African organizational bourgeoisie managed to control power by developing new techniques of &ldquo;mass persuasion, organization, the military arts, and bureaucratic control&rdquo; (Markovitz 1977: 200-1). Prior to coming to power, the African bourgeoisie was concerned with social justice, but once in power, it inherited the colonial power structures, which according to Ruth First, were incompatible with self-government, i.e., with independence (Markovitz 1977: 203). Authors like Ama Atta Aidoo, Wole Soyinka, Ayi Kwei Armah denounced such a postcolonial disenchantment in their writings and depicted the organizational bourgeoisie as oppressive and self-centered (Markovitz 199-200).</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">These African elites dominated post-independent African politics and economy. The post-independent African organizational bourgeoisie &ldquo;grows through politics, under party systems, under military governments, from the ranks of business, and from the corporate elites that run the state, the army and the civil service.&rdquo; <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Markovitz (1977: 205). <span style="">&nbsp;</span>It includes: &ldquo;the top political leaders and bureaucrats, the traditional leaders and their descendants, and the leading members of liberal professionals and rising business bourgeoisie. Top members of the military and police forces are also part of this bureaucratic bourgeoisie.&rdquo; (Markovitz 1977: 208)</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The African organizational bourgeoisie exploits the labor and the votes of the masses to acquire power. It lays emphasis on quality education of its children by sending them to the best educational institutions. By so doing, it seeks to maximize its children life chances. Its life style is also characterized by its speech style, leisure activities, eating habits (food consumed and manner of food consumption), transportation means, games, wives&rsquo; conversations, work habits and values inculcated in their children, etc. These characteristics allow the African organizational bourgeoisie to consolidate its political and economic power while distinguishing itself from the masses through its educational capital. The African organizational bourgeoisie is the first beneficiary of economic growth. It consumes more than half of the national budget in the form of high salaries. It lives in houses with window glass, hardwood doors, and air-conditioners. Moreover, as noted by Barbara Lloyd (quoted in Markovitz 1977), the African elite have moved from the traditional family life style (extended family live together in a compound) to the nuclear family style. It lives in residential areas, encourages its children to socialize with other children from &ldquo;good homes&rdquo;.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The African organizational bourgeoisie increasingly developed taste for foreign goods, capitalized on education, and lived on the nation&rsquo;s wealth to consolidate its power. Contrary to what Marx believed, the African ruling class gained its power from its relationship to the political apparatus rather than the means of production (Markovitz 1977: 209). It is more than a managerial bourgeoisie because it exploits the masses and it is very creative and innovative in its strategies of wealth accumulation (Markovitz 1977: 209). Further, it relies on family ties, ethnicity, and friendship in order to recruit its members. These various strategies of power consolidation led to the impoverishment of the masses and even those who were lucky enough to get jobs (Markovitz 1977: 228).</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">This behavior of the African organizational bourgeoisie also creates social and political tensions. African students from different background are aware of the value of education as a way to access the very power structures that they tend to criticize. Though they tend to be radical in their rhetoric and criticism of the organizational bourgeoisie, their strong desire is to gain access to the power &ldquo;seats&rdquo; and to replace the very people they denounce. </span><br /><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Markovitz invites us to &ldquo;further investigate the role of African business in the consolidation of political power of the organizational bourgeoisie and their growing strength as major beneficiaries of independence and economic growth.&rdquo; (1977:229)</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Markovitz successfully highlighted the making of the African organizational bourgeoisie while underscoring its colonial roots and its strong maximization of educational capital as a means to consolidate power. Its class position is mainly characterized by its relationship with the political apparatus that it uses to acquire economic capital as well as social capital (extending the network of participants in the political process by privileging close friends and relatives). His analysis is grounded in historical data which helps illustrate his points. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Markovitz&rsquo;s analysis can help us understand the situation of political power in present day Africa. Today, political power has become a &ldquo;business&rdquo; in the sense that it allows its players to acquire economic and material gains through high salaries, embezzlement of public funds, the use of administrative properties for personal gains, the recruitment of relatives and close friends as political allies. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">However, what Markovitz failed to underscore is the role of natural resources in the consolidation of political and economic power by the African organizational bourgeoisie. Though he mentioned the involvement of the military elite in the struggle for power, he did not indicate the role of military coups and civil wars (the Biafra War in Nigeria or the Katanga war in former Zaire for instance), the ultimate goals of which is to gain political power, access to and control of natural resources. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Further, since his analysis was in the 1970s, it would have been interesting to shed light on the role of the cold war (the global aspect of accumulation) in the making of the African organizational bourgeoisie. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Political power was partly supported by foreign assistance (the West or the former Soviet Union), so underscoring the role of these external forces in the consolidation of internal political power could have brought in additional insight. Also, in South Africa, race played a major role in political and economic power struggle. In the 1970s, Apartheid was still dominant in social and political organization. It defined who had access to political power and economic resources. </span><br /><br />  <u><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Relation to other works:</span></u><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"> Markovitz uses concepts of class from Marx, Weber, and Bourdieu. From a Marxian perspective, Markovitz indicates that the African organizational bourgeoisie used its intellectual ideas and ideologies of social justice in order to gain power. But its claims for social justice rather created social and economic inequalities at the expense of the &ldquo;uneducated&rdquo; masses. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>The organizational bourgeoisie capitalizes on educational credentials and uses the state apparatuses to acquire economic wealth and political power over the masses. There is a parallel between Markovitz&rsquo;s class analysis and the Marxian approach. Marx distinguishes two class systems: the capitalists (owners of the means of production) versus the proletariat (owners of their labor power). The owners of the means of production exploit the labor power of the proletariat. In Markovitz&rsquo;s analysis however, the capitalists represented by the organizational bourgeoisie &ldquo;owns&rdquo; the state apparatuses thanks to their educational capital and then they exploit the labor power of the masses through taxation as well as their votes to gain political power. Though claiming to defend the interests of the working class for social justice, the organizational bourgeoisie is &ldquo;still careless with respect to the interests of the masses&rdquo; (Ruth First quoted in Markovitz 1977: 219).</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Also, there is a Weberian touch to Markovitz&rsquo;s approach, notably the recognition that the African organizational bourgeoisie is not homogenous. Its members are from different sources: the top political leaders and bureaucrats, the traditional leaders and their descendants, and the leading members of liberal professionals and rising business bourgeoisie. Top members of the military and police forces are also part of this bureaucratic bourgeoisie. However, Markovitz rather lays more emphasis on the organizational and bureaucratic nature and thereby neglects the gradational relationship within the African organizational bourgeoisie. He borrows expressions like &ldquo;life chance&rdquo; from Weber to explain how members of the organizational bourgeoisie improve their conditions through education, family ties and networking.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">But his approach is much closer to Bourdieu&rsquo;s concept of cultural capital and social capital. By showing that the African organizational bourgeoisie uses its educational capital in order take ownership of the state apparatus and then uses the latter as a means to garner social and economic capital, this brings Markovitz closer to Bourdieu. Similar to Bourdieu&rsquo;s approach, Markovitz illustrates how the organizational bourgeoisie develops different tastes in terms of food consumption, types of car and housing (air-conditioned houses), healthcare, speech style, children&rsquo;s education and socialization, wives&rsquo; conversation, etc. The organizational bourgeoisie develops a close network made up of close friends and relatives in order to protect its power privilege. Its sends its children to the best schools and universities, distinguishes itself from the masses by breaking away with traditional family structures (extended family) in favor of nuclear family. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Markovitz&rsquo;s analysis of the role and place of the organizational bourgeoisie in post-independent Africa helps understand how educational capital, family ties, friendship helped consolidate political power. But his analysis failed to highlight the role of trade union movements in its attempts to destabilize the organizational bourgeoisie, as well as the role of natural resources (gold, diamond and oil) in the consolidation of power. He also, failed to consider the role of the global political economy (cold war politics) in the rise of the African organizational bourgeoisie and its consolidation of power.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><span style="">&nbsp;</span></span><br /><br />  <font size="1"><strong style=""><u><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Reference cited</span></u></strong><br /><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Markovitz, Leonard Irving</span> (1977).<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The consolidation of Power: The Rise of the Organizational Bourgeoisie. In <em style="">Power and Class in Africa: An Introduction to Change and Conflicts in African Politics.</em> Pp. 198-229. Englewood, NJ: <span>Prentice Hall.</span></span></font></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ugandan cities]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit2]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit2#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Wed, 16 Jun 2010 18:33:36 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[news about kampala]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit2</guid><description><![CDATA[This post is meant to create discussions on socio-economic, and political news in and on Kampala. Please, join us and share your ideas and experiences about life in Ugandan cities in general and in Kampala in particular. [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div  class="paragraph" style=" text-align: left; ">This post is meant to create discussions on socio-economic, and political news in and on Kampala. Please, join us and share your ideas and experiences about life in Ugandan cities in general and in Kampala in particular.</div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Interrogating anthropology]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit1]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit1#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Mon, 07 Jun 2010 15:21:17 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit1</guid><description><![CDATA[Interrogating anthropology is meant to trigger off discussions on anthropology from all angles and perspectives. Discussion will cover issues such as the "end of anthropology" as a discipline rooted in imperialism and colonialism, and the emergence of a more activist oriented anthropology, an anthropology that can speak truth to power! Also, if anthropology is changing and it must change, why then should it stick to obsolete terminologies such as "ethnography, savage people, primitive societies, [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div  class="paragraph" style=" text-align: left; ">Interrogating anthropology is meant to trigger off discussions on anthropology from all angles and perspectives. Discussion will cover issues such as the "end of anthropology" as a discipline rooted in imperialism and colonialism, and the emergence of a more activist oriented anthropology, an anthropology that can speak truth to power! Also, if anthropology is changing and it must change, why then should it stick to obsolete terminologies such as "ethnography, savage people, primitive societies, etc." What is anthropology saying or not on the development of primitivism or new savagism in institutional anthropological discourse?<br />Also, should the change in anthropology begin with institutional forms of anthropology such as classroom anthropology?</div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Project ZACA]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2010 16:48:56 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit</guid><description><![CDATA[The above&nbsp;YouTube video is an interview of former Directors of Project ZACA on the significance of the project.To hear a different perpsective on project ZACA, please watch this video below. A documentary by Julien Renucci et Julie Boulanger.Cin&eacute;vieTV/ Documentaire Afrique : Le Projet Zaca [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div ><div id="385722599406761507" align="left" style="width: 100%; overflow-y: hidden;" class="wcustomhtml"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="480" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/gkssE-70UFQ" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen></iframe></div></div><div  class="paragraph editable-text" style=" text-align: left; ">The above&nbsp;YouTube video is an interview of former Directors of Project ZACA on the significance of the project.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>To hear a different perpsective on project ZACA, please watch this video below. A documentary by Julien Renucci et Julie Boulanger.<br /><span></span></div><div ><div id="789021925927105243" align="left" style="width: 100%; overflow-y: hidden;" class="wcustomhtml"><object width="480" height="384"><param name="movie" value="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xaf64c_cinevietv-documentaire-afrique-le-p_webcam?additionalInfos=0"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"></param><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xaf64c_cinevietv-documentaire-afrique-le-p_webcam?additionalInfos=0" width="480" height="384" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always"></embed></object><br /><b><a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xaf64c_cinevietv-documentaire-afrique-le-p_webcam">Cin&eacute;vieTV/ Documentaire Afrique : Le Projet Zaca</a></b><br /><i></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Project ZACA continued]]></title><link><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/first-post]]></link><comments><![CDATA[https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/first-post#comments]]></comments><pubDate>Mon, 24 May 2010 16:16:32 GMT</pubDate><category><![CDATA[discussing projet zaca]]></category><category><![CDATA[interrogating anthropology]]></category><category><![CDATA[logement a Ouaga(Housing in Ouaga)]]></category><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.burkinaurbanresourcecenter.net/blogging-africa/first-post</guid><description><![CDATA[This blog page is meant to trigger off discussions on issues related to project ZACA (an urban renewal project implemented in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). I welcome your comments and views in French or English about the implementation of the project, its socio-economic impacts on the displaced populations.&nbsp;__________________________________________________________________Comment posted by Yaro Zakarya (Administrateur des Services Sociales), July 7,2010  L&rsquo;Etat a le droit&nbsp; de faire [...] ]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div  class="paragraph" style=" text-align: left; ">This blog page is meant to trigger off discussions on issues related to project ZACA (an urban renewal project implemented in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). I welcome your comments and views in French or English about the implementation of the project, its socio-economic impacts on the displaced populations.</div><div  class="paragraph" style=" text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><em><strong>&nbsp;__________________________________________________________________</strong></em></span><br /><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><em><strong>Comment posted by Yaro Zakarya (Administrateur des Services Sociales), <span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">July 7,2010</span></span></strong></em></span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">L&rsquo;Etat a le droit<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>de faire d&eacute;guerpir des populations pour des causes d&rsquo;utilit&eacute; publique. Partant sur cette base, on peut comprendre que l&rsquo;Etat Burkinab&egrave; ait proc&eacute;d&eacute; en 2003, au d&eacute;guerpissement des populations des <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>quartiers <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>centraux <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>cibl&eacute;s de la ville <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>de Ouagadougou <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>(Zangouenttin, Koulouba, Tiedpalgo, Kamsonghin&hellip;), dans le cadre du projet ZACA dont l&rsquo;objectif serait entre autres, de faire de la zone ZACA un p&ocirc;le de d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique de notre pays. Personnellement,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>nous n&rsquo;avons rien contre<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>de tel <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>projet car nous supposons qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;inscrit dans le plan d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement de la ville. Ce que nous d&eacute;plorons, c&rsquo;est la mani&egrave;re dont le projet a &eacute;t&eacute; mis en &oelig;uvre. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Tout d&rsquo;abord, il s&rsquo;est agit d&rsquo;un projet sans mesures d&rsquo;accompagnement &agrave; priori, sauf si l&rsquo;on doit consid&eacute;rer les compensations financi&egrave;res comme mesures d&rsquo;accompagnement. En son temps les populations disaient n&rsquo;avoir pas &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;par&eacute;es<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>au d&eacute;placement. Nous sommes citoyens de la ville de Ouagadougou et jamais nous n&rsquo;avons <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>senti une volont&eacute; r&eacute;elle des autorit&eacute;s &agrave; sensibiliser les populations pour les amener &agrave; adh&eacute;rer au projet.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Les rumeurs du d&eacute;guerpissement circulaient, et nous avons d&ucirc; l&rsquo;apprendre au m&ecirc;me moment que la majorit&eacute; des populations concern&eacute;es. Aussi, avons nous suivi les tractations <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>qui ont anim&eacute; les relations entre les mouvements de lutte et les responsables du projet. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Les habitants les plus avis&eacute;es <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>qui ont vendu leur<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>domaine avant la circulation des rumeurs du d&eacute;guerpissement, ont pu obtenir des sommes colossales avec lesquelles<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>ils ont d&ucirc;<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>investir et assurer de lendemains meilleurs. Mais la majorit&eacute; <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>qui ne croyaient ni &agrave; l&rsquo;aboutissement du projet ni au d&eacute;guerpissement<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>a &eacute;t&eacute; contrainte par le pouvoir public, &agrave; quitter la zone ZACA. Force reste &agrave; l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; publique.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Gr&acirc;ce aux frais de d&eacute;dommagement ajout&eacute;s &agrave; leurs &eacute;conomies ou soutiens des autres, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>certains <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>d&eacute;plac&eacute;s ont pu s&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir des parcelles &agrave; la trame d&rsquo;accueil de Ouaga 2000 o&ugrave; ils <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>ach&egrave;vent progressivement leur<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>construction et peuvent s&rsquo;enorgueillir <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>aujourd&rsquo;hui, de partager la m&ecirc;me aire g&eacute;ographique avec la haute bourgeoisie (nouveau palais pr&eacute;sidentiel&nbsp;; <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>r&eacute;sidences des nouveaux riches compos&eacute;s essentiellement de hauts fonctionnaires, d&rsquo;entrepreneurs, de commer&ccedil;ants et hommes d&rsquo;affaires&nbsp;; H&ocirc;tels &agrave; quatre &eacute;toiles&nbsp;; b&acirc;timents administratifs ou diplomatiques de haut standing et autres b&acirc;timents futuristes). </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Mais<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>en r&eacute;alit&eacute;,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Ouaga 2000 ou ses environnants telle que la trame d&rsquo;accueil, &eacute;tait &ndash;il initialement destin&eacute; aux populations d&eacute;plac&eacute;es&nbsp;? Nous n&rsquo;en savons rien. Tout ce que nous savons c&rsquo;est que<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>sept (07) ans apr&egrave;s leur r&eacute;installation sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil de Ouaga 2000, les d&eacute;plac&eacute;s sont<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>&eacute;loign&eacute;es du centre ville et <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>ne disposent pas d&rsquo;infrastructures de base telles que le march&eacute; qui constitue leur domaine de pr&eacute;dilection et leur principale source de revenu. </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Pire encore, toute tentative de mener une activit&eacute; lucrative (telle que l&rsquo;ouverture de d&eacute;p&ocirc;t commercial aux abords des voies)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil de Ouaga 2000, aurait &eacute;t&eacute; maintes fois emp&ecirc;ch&eacute;e par les autorit&eacute;s municipales. Si cela est vrai, on pourrait reprocher<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>&agrave; ces autorit&eacute;s de n&rsquo;avoir pas facilit&eacute; la t&acirc;che de reconstruction des d&eacute;guerpis. En rappel, les d&eacute;guerpis &eacute;taient constitu&eacute;s essentiellement de travailleurs du secteur informel qui exer&ccedil;aient au grand march&eacute; de Ouaga et qui ont toujours envie de continuer leur commerce ou du reste de se reconvertir professionnellement sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>de Ouaga 2000. Mais <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>visiblement depuis leur arriv&eacute;e sur les lieux,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>les circonstances ne leur offrent aucune issue d&rsquo;&eacute;panouissement socio-&eacute;conomique.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Par cons&eacute;quent, beaucoup de d&eacute;plac&eacute;s sont actuellement appauvris, d&eacute;boussol&eacute;s et ne savent pas comment assurer la scolarit&eacute; des enfants, la sant&eacute; et l&rsquo;alimentation de<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>la famille&nbsp;&hellip; Aujourd&rsquo;hui, la joie de certains d&eacute;plac&eacute;s, c&rsquo;est d&rsquo;avoir tout simplement quitt&eacute; un quartier, une zone o&ugrave; les six m&egrave;tres &eacute;taient restreints et insalubres et o&ugrave; le d&eacute;luge du 1er Septembre allait ravager les <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>maisons <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>d&eacute;labr&eacute;es<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>et cr&eacute;er de nombreux <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>sinistr&eacute;s.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Et qu&rsquo;allait devenir leur sort <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>si le d&eacute;luge les trouvait toujours dans les bas-fonds de <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Zangouenttin, Koulouba, Tiedpalgo, Kamsonghin? Ils seraient peut-&ecirc;tre log&eacute;s &agrave; la m&ecirc;me enseigne que les sinistr&eacute;s du 1er Septembre 2009, c&rsquo;est- &agrave; -dire sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil de Yagma&hellip; o&ugrave; les conditions d&rsquo;installation et de vie ne sont gu&egrave;re mieux que celle de la trame d&rsquo;accueil de Ouaga 2000.</span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Et que sait-on si pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment, Zangouenttin et <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Tiedpalgo n&rsquo;allaient pas &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme des zones submersibles, inondables suite &agrave; cette catastrophe du 1er septembre 2009&nbsp;? Comme par hasard, nos autorit&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; visionnaires avec le projet ZACA. Ce projet a pu pr&eacute;venir une catastrophe et r&eacute;duire consid&eacute;rablement le nombre de sinistr&eacute;s qu&rsquo;allait conna&icirc;tre le 1er Septembre 2009. Mais en attendant, se pr&eacute;occupe-t-on des habitants de la trame d&rsquo;accueil qui ont du mal &agrave; reconstruire leur vie, faute de march&eacute; et &eacute;videmment d&rsquo;autres infrastructures de base? <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Faut-il <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>laisser ces populations parcourir, au moins 11 Km <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>pour atteindre le grand march&eacute;, incendi&eacute; et r&eacute;cemment r&eacute;habilit&eacute;&nbsp;? Les &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;brouillards&nbsp;&raquo; de la trame d&rsquo;accueil,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>peuvent-ils<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>se r&eacute;ins&eacute;rer<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&eacute;conomiquement dans un march&eacute; si &eacute;loign&eacute; et o&ugrave;<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>les <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>gros commer&ccedil;ants se plaignent d&eacute;j&agrave; de ne plus faire bon march&eacute;&nbsp;?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Non, les d&eacute;plac&eacute;s m&eacute;ritent d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre mieux trait&eacute;s. Ils ont besoin d&rsquo;un march&eacute; sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil o&ugrave; ils pourront mieux travailler, refaire leur vie et mieux s&rsquo;occuper de leur famille. En attendant de construire un march&eacute; digne de Ouaga 2000, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>les populations devraient &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;es &agrave; occuper l&rsquo;espace dit r&eacute;server au march&eacute;. &laquo;&nbsp;A d&eacute;faut de la m&egrave;re, on peut t&eacute;ter la grand-m&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;. Si les autorit&eacute;s municipales h&eacute;sitent encore &agrave; se montrer favorables &agrave; de telles propositions, pourquoi, ne pas r&eacute;unir les populations et signer des protocoles d&rsquo;accords d&rsquo;occupation du march&eacute; avec des conditionnalit&eacute;s clairement d&eacute;finies&nbsp;? </span><br /><br />  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">En voulant d&eacute;velopper une ville, il faut &eacute;viter de fabriquer des pauvres en s&eacute;rie. Car le d&eacute;veloppement ne r&eacute;side<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>pas dans l&rsquo;enrichissement des riches, mais dans la promotion socio-&eacute;conomique des pauvres et le bien-&ecirc;tre de l&rsquo;ensemble des populations. Le projet ZACA dans son ensemble, aurait d&ucirc; commencer par construire un march&eacute; sur la trame d&rsquo;accueil avant de d&eacute;guerpir les populations. A d&eacute;faut,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>la r&eacute;alisation du march&eacute;<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>devrait imm&eacute;diatement suivre <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>l&rsquo;installation des d&eacute;plac&eacute;s. Les &eacute;tudes d&rsquo;impact du projet (s&rsquo;il y a lieu) ont&ndash;elles envisag&eacute; de telles perspectives&nbsp;? Si non, il faut y penser. C&rsquo;est en se pr&eacute;occupant r&eacute;ellement de l&rsquo;avenir des d&eacute;plac&eacute;s qu&rsquo;on peut saluer tout projet de d&eacute;guerpissement pour des causes d&rsquo;utilit&eacute; publique. Sans ces pr&eacute;cautions, on tentera de verser<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>les efforts de d&eacute;veloppement<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>dans un sac toujours perc&eacute; par le bas. </span><br /><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><em><strong>Yaro Zakarya</strong></em></span></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>